The Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tans The Joy...

Mother and Daughter Struggle in The Joy Luck Club The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, illustrates what life is like for many foreigners in America who are trying to give their child the opportunities they most likely did not have themselves as children. The story touches on a very common struggle in America, that between mother and daughter, in which the daughter never feels good enough for her mother. Also present is the struggle Jing-Mei has with herself. Jing-Meis mother has her mind set on making her daughter a prodigy of some kind. She constantly presses Jing-Mei to do better and be better at whatever activity she participates, but why is she doing this? There are a couple of reasons, one of which is†¦show more content†¦Because Jing-Mei is American and has grown up with all of the opportunities of Americans, the mother expects more of her, and she thinks the daughter should expect more from herself. Judging by the dialogue between Jing-Mei and her mother, the reader gets a sense that Jing-Mei does not understand the importance of her success, not just to her mother, but to herself as well. Im not a genius!(Tan 493) Jing-Mei cried. To which her mother replied Who ask you to be genius? Only ask you be your best for you sake. You think I want you to be genius?(Tan 494). Jing-Mei did not understand why her mother wanted her to be a prodigy. If there were times she did, she just didnt care. This leads us to the struggle between mother and daughter. Nearly every mother and daughter in America has had some kind of struggle where the mother wants one thing, but the daughter wants another. Theres nothing different in Two Kinds. At first when Jing-Meis mother comes up with a plan to make her a prodigy, Jing-Mei is excited and enjoys the attention her mother bestows upon her. Later on, she is not so happy, and she wishes her mother would just leave her alone to be her mediocre self. The reader gets this idea when she says, . . . in the beginning I was just as excited as my mother, maybe even more so.(Tan 491). Everything began to change when Jing-Mei failed, yet again, in her attempt at becoming a prodigy and,Show MoreRelated Improving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club1216 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club One day everything is going great, in fact things could not be better and then you say something and your friend turns to you and says â€Å"oh my god, you sounded just like your mother†.   That is when you freak out and think to yourself it is true I am turning into my mother.   This is every daughters worst nightmare come true.   When a young girl is growing up her mother always says and does things that the girl vows she will neverRead MoreEssay Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club1519 Words   |  7 PagesMother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club      In the Joy Luck Club, the author Amy Tan, focuses on mother-daughter relationships. She examines the lives of four women who emigrated from China, and the lives of four of their American-born daughters. The mothers: Suyuan Woo, An-Mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Ying-Ying St. Clair had all experienced some life-changing horror before coming to America, and this has forever tainted their perspective on how they want their children raised. TheRead More The Complexity of Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Complexity of Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the beginning of time the mother and daughter relationship has been complex.   The book The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan is a great example of the mother and daughter relationship.   In the book Amy Tan writes about four women who migrate to America from China.   All of the women were in search of a better life since the lives they had in China were not what they wanted for themselves.   Even though all of the womenRead More Power of the Mother and Daughter Relationship Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club1482 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Mother and Daughter Relationship Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, the author, Amy Tan, intricately weaves together the roles and experiences of Chinese mothers with their American born daughters. During a time of war, the mothers flee from China to America, leaving behind a past filled with secrets that unravel as their daughters mature. While sharing their difficulties, these mothers must be able to teach Chinese beliefs and customs to their daughters in a wayRead More The Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club In her novel The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells of the lives of four Chinese immigrant mothers, their hopes, their dreams and the way each of their daughters feel about their mothers lives.   Mother-daughter relationships are the basis for the entire story.   Tan shows the hardships each mother experiences as a child and young adult, and how they all want better lives for their daughters.   She shows the struggles betweenRead More Mother Daughter Relationships - Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1181 Words   |  5 PagesA Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Joy Luck Club      Ã‚   In Amy Tans novel, Joy Luck Club, the mother of Jing-mei recognizes only two kinds of daughters: those that are obedient and those that follow their own mind. Perhaps the reader of this novel may recognize only two types of mothers: pushy mothers and patient mothers.   The two songs, Pleading Child and Perfectly Contented, which the daughter plays, reinforce the underlying tension in the novel. These songs represent the feelings thatRead More The Mother Daughter Relationship in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club448 Words   |  2 PagesThe Joy Luck Club is a representation of the persistent tensions and powerful bonds between mother and daughter in a Chinese American society.   The book illustrates the hardships both the mother and daughters go through in order to please the other.   Also, it shows the troubles the daughters face when growing up in two cultures.   This book reveals that most of the time mothers really do know best. In Rules of the Game we see a mother daughter conflict.   Waverlys mother is always showing herRead More Mother Daughter Relationships - The Mother-daughter Relationship in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club971 Words   |  4 Pages Daughters and Mothers in The Joy Luck Club nbsp; Children, as they become adults, become more appreciative of their parents. In The Joy Luck Club, the attitudes of four daughters toward their mothers change as the girls mature and come to realize that their mothers arent so different after all. nbsp; As children, the daughters in this book are ashamed of their mothers and dont take them very seriously, dismissing them as quirky and odd. I could never tell my father . . . How couldRead More Mother Daughter Relationships - Family Relations in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club2528 Words   |  11 PagesFamily Relations in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚   One passage, from the novel The Joy Luck Club, written by Amy Tan, reveals the complex relations and emotions that are involved in families. This passage concerns the story of four Chinese women and their daughters.   The author leads the reader through the experiences of the mothers as they left China and came to America.   The daughters have been raised in America, as Americans.   This is what the mothers had wanted although it also causes them greatRead More East-West Values and the Mother-daughter Relationship in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1296 Words   |  6 Pagesand the Mother-daughter Relationship in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚   The dominant theme of The Joy Luck Club is the clash between Chinese, American cultures, and how it affects the relationship between mothers and daughters. 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Health Policy Analysis Paper Health Policies - 2048 Words

Health Policy Analysis Paper Mindy Potter Loma Linda University Health Policy NGRD 653_ 41113 Shirley Bristol May 7, 2016 Health Policy Analysis Paper Introduction and definition of the issue/problem statement. In 1965, there was a histrionic change in the method that mental health care was delivered in the United States. The focus went from State Mental Hospitals to outpatient settings for the treatment of mental health issues. With the passing of Medicaid, States were encouraged to move patients out of the hospital setting (Pan, 2013). This process failed miserably due to under funding and understaffing for the amout of patients that were released from the State Mental Hospitals. This resulted in patients, as well as their families, who were in dire need of mental health services. This population turned to either incarceration (jails and/or prisons) or emergency departments as a primary source of care for their loved ones. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act invoked a $75 millon dollar demonstration project known as the Medicad Emergency Psychiatric Demonstration that was amended in section 2707 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The change seemed to be just what the nation needed, however, there was fine print added to the amendment that changed the interpretation. The fine print stated, patients who are on Medicaid from the ages of 21-65 seeking inpatient mental health care can receive treatment under the law. However, the inpatient facility will receive noShow MoreRelatedHealth Policy Analysis Paper : Healthcare2073 Words   |  9 PagesHealth Policy Analysis Paper Introduction: The face of healthcare has been changing over the last decade. The role of nurse practitioners has become ever more important. This paper conducts a policy analysis as a systematic investigation of alternative policy options, for the emerging nationalized healthcare plan and the increased use of nurse practitioners. 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Masters program application essay Free Essays

My first foray into the cutthroat world of office work was at the office of Verizon Wireless. Here I served as an account manager and was assigned various tasks relating to accounts management. The work involved required me to seek out and win over new clients for the business as well as maintaining the company relationship with the already existing client base. We will write a custom essay sample on Masters program application essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was at Verizon Wireless where I learned the various ways of dealing with clients. I learned how to satisfy the clients needs even if it seemed to be an almost impossible task. The experience I gained at Verizon Wireless can be considered to be highly valuable people skills that led me to believe that it would be possible for me to venture out on my own. The work path I was traversing at the time led me to take a chance on starting up a company based on sole proprietorship. Out of the many business ideas I had in mind, I settled on starting a small business that I could hopefully develop into a moneymaking machine. Thus, Setra Logistics was born. At Setra, I became involved in developing a management company that centered within the importation, exportation, and transportation business. The company’s first business venture was doing local transport for auto auctions as well as shipping small cargo overseas. I ended up taking a loss at that time but I was not bothered because I felt that I was growing as a person and enhancing my management skills. Over time, I began employing more people and I learned to manage their individual work ethics and beliefs in life in order to bring out their full potential for the benefit of the company.   Through sheer hard work, patience, and perseverance, I managed to guide the company into a time of growth and at present the company is now a full fledged transport company boasting of an international clientele based throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. All these companies use our services for importing goods from the USA. Within the USA, we also have our own transport fleet that deals in transporting goods within the US. My biggest accomplishment to date though is that I managed to find partner companies overseas who can help hasten our logistics process in the aforementioned regions. At Setra Logistics, I manage a group of 7 employees of various genders, race, and nationality. It is because of the confidence I developed over the years here that I found the inner strength to try and establish another business venture. It is true that running a business alone is time consuming and 100% stressful but I have found that in the particular line of business Setra is in, it is best managed alone. Later one, I realized that I was starting to outgrow Setra Logistics and needed something new to tweak my interest. After a get together with some other business minded people, we agreed to pool our resources together and established ACS ATm, Incorporated.   Along with my partner, I am now heavily involved in the ATM machine and ISO clearinghouse business. ACS ATm is a company that specializes in ATM machine installation as well as credit card services. My company is quite active in the New York Metro area. My partners and I share the same vision of the future for ACS. We all look forward to managing the business so well, that, in the near future, it will become a leading processor for automated Teller machine software and hardware worldwide. Along with 3 other managers, our goal is to learn the ins and outs of the ATM transaction processing business and then, develop out own innovative ideas and products that will change the ATM transaction processing procedures worldwide. Our plans for the future are not limited to simply operating ATM machines and merchant services. Eventually, my managerial partners and I would like to become the brains behind tapping the remaining 70% of untapped electronic cash markets using cutting-edge and highly innovative ideas and products worthy of being tagged as 21st century banking and e-commerce trendsetters In the retrospect, I have to say that I am well versed in the languages of team and individual management. I am a skilled manager who can either run my own company, or develop a totally new company along with others who share my business visions. At Setra, I run a well oiled machine all by myself while at ACS, I learn to meet other managers halfway in order to achieve a greater success in the business venture.       How to cite Masters program application essay, Essay examples

Trade Unions Management

Question: Should trade unions continue in contemporary human resource management? Explain. Answer: Introduction Trade unions are a very old concept and it is one such concept that is being used across organization in different industry segments and different geographies. This concept is widely used because it helps to create a win-win situation for both employer and employees. With trade unions, employer also gets a representation to which it can lists down its expectations. With trade unions, organizations can also achieve higher standardization in place. Trade unions can also help organizations or employers to have a set of defined processes and policies that employee must follow (Ferguson, 2013). It also provides a structure approach to the interaction between employees and employer. One of the important benefits of trade unions is that it helps to create a trust factor in employees. However, the trade unions are on an extinction path. With the evolution of contemporary Human Resource Management, the role of trade unions have marginalized. The objective of this essay is to discuss the impor tance of trade unions in todays world and to analyze the importance of trade unions. The essay would also make the point, if trade unions be continue or not. Analysis Authors defined the crises of trade union. Authors pointed out that going forward trade union would definitely have a role to play in public sector but its role in private sector and closed firms is uncertain. It is believed that firms in private sector have a clear goal of profit making. If trade unions can help them to increase the productivity of employees by minimizing employee grievances then trade unions could be a key for private firms also. Meardi, (2012) compared trade unions to endangered species. They argued that trade unions should not be thought of as endangered species (at least now). Authors highlighted that it is correct that the role of trade unions has become limited and people may not like the idea of full fledge trade unions but it appears that trade union would continue to be part of businesses and industry. It is also possible the current roles of trade unions would change but it would continue to be part of industry. It is also believed that trade unions hold the capacity to shape their own future. At this moment, the future is not all bright but it appears that trade unions would make steps to make themselves agile, flexible, output oriented so that they can have a bigger role in organizational and employee development. It is important that the trade unions should be thought of as a body that could be useful for both employees and employer. The agreement of the partnership between employer and union can be at strategic level that would help both employees and employer. It would be correct to say that HRM should not be considered as a ploy to neutralize trade union power. In fact, HRM function should enable trade unions to work effectively. At the same time, it would also be correct to say that the role of traditional union government would vanish if it focuses only one negotiation. It is the time when trade unions would have to evolve and adopt some additional function in order to be in the race. (Paauwe, 2009) highlighted that it is the time when trade unions should join hands with HRM function in the organization. It would be correct to say that the power of trade unions is being diminished, as the things in the organizations are getting process oriented and not people dependent. The role of trade unions has been marginalized. To some extent, this also depends on the way organizations have evolved from 1960s and 1970s when trade unions used to play a major role. The performance based reward systems and flexible working environment are the reasons for extinction of trade unions. In 1960s, job stability was more important that the growth and that is the reason of establishment of trade unions. (Glassner Pochet) highlighted that in todays world, it is the growth that matters. Even employees may not want to participate in union affairs. The need of the hour is that there should be a direct relationship and communication between employer and employees. Traditionally, trade unions do plays a critical role in manufacturing industry. In fact, the concept of trade unions were orchestrated to facilitate and safeguard the rights of line workers and mid-level management in manufacturing and other associated industries. So, Yes, trade unions have been a feature of an economy based on manufacturing but trade unions have been a feature in other industries also. Moreover, the culture of strike has been associated with firms in manufacturing industry. Hence, trade unions have been associated deeply with firms in manufacturing sector. It is correct to say that the trend of trade unions have reduced significantly in last 30 years. It appears very unlikely that this trend would be reversed in the near future. The rise of capitalism, privatization and liberalization are important factors that have reduced the role of trade unions (Restubog, 2011). This trend can be reversed if capitalism, privatization and liberalization go out of the market and is replaced by socialism, communism and non-privatization. It appears very unlikely that government would change its policies around the way market forces operate. Hence it is very unlikely too that this trend would change. However, trade unions can play a crucial role in private and modern day organizations also. It is a very relevant point that Trade Unions have made significant contribution in the working of employees and operations of employer still there contribution is less known. The first connotation with trade unions comes as strike or industrial unrest. Traditionally, trade unions have played a major role to uphold the safety and health environment in factories and industrial set up. In todays time of globalization, internationalization and Internet, we can say that trade unions are of less importance but trade unions have played a significant role in 1960s and 1970s. Messersmith Guthrie, (2010) highlighted that the contribution of trade unions cannot be marginalized. It is just the point that HRM function has evolved and emerged as critical business function. People would often blame trade unions in case of ill effects on employee wellbeing. Whereas trade unions do not get much of the appreciation when things are in place. Conclusion With the above discussion, it can be said that trade unions, which would have good leaders at, top and which would be able to have good negotiation skills would be able to survive. The survival of trade unions would also depend on organizational policies. It is important that employees and employer should realize all the benefits that trade unions can offer. It is important that trade unions should be consider as a platform for industrial relationship and it should not be mixed with politics. With the above discussion, it can be said that Trade Unions would continue to have a role in contemporary human resource management. Precisely, it can be said that HRM function and trade unions can co exists. HRM function can be a platform where trade unions can evolve and mature References Bordia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., Jimmieson, N. L., Irmer, B. E. (2011). Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover.Group Organization Management, 1059601110392990. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C. M., Ferguson, J. D., Sziklai, A. T., Verma, A. K., Popowski, J. E., Sturgeon, D. H. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,484,111. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Glassner, V., Pochet, P. (2011). Why trade unions seek to coordinate wages and collective bargaining in the Eurozone: past developments and future prospects. Meardi, G. (2012). Union immobility? Trade unions and the freedoms of movement in the enlarged EU.British Journal of Industrial Relations,50(1), 99-120. Messersmith, J. G., Guthrie, J. P. (2010). High performance work systems in emergent organizations: Implications for firm performance.Human resource management,49(2), 241-264. Paauwe, J. (2009). HRM and performance: Achievements, methodological issues and prospects.Journal of management studies,46(1), 129-142. Schalkwyk, J., Beeferman, D., Beaufays, F., Byrne, B., Chelba, C., Cohen, M., ... Strope, B. (2010). Your Word is my Command: Google Search by Voice: A Case Study. InAdvances in Speech Recognition(pp. 61-90). Springer US. https://hbr.org/2010/04/positive-peer-pressure-a-power/

Children learn from their parents and society the Essays - Gender

Children learn from their parents and society the conception of "feminine" and "masculine." Much about these conceptions is not biological at all but cultural. The way we tend to think about men and women and their gender roles in society constitute the prevailing paradigm that influences out thinking. Riane Eisler points out that the prevailing paradigm makes it difficult for us to analyze properly the roles of men and women in prehistory "we have a cultural bias that we bring to the effort and that colors our decision-making processes." Sexism is the result of that bias imposed by our process of acculturation. Gender roles in Western societies have been changing rapidly in recent years, with the changes created both by evolutionary changes in society , including economic shifts which have altered the way people work and indeed which people work as more and more women enter the workforce, and by perhaps pressure brought to make changes because of the perception that the traditional social structure was inequitable. Gender relations are a part of the socialization process, the initiation given the young by society, teaching them certain values and creating in them certain behavior patterns acceptable to their social roles. These roles have been in a state of flux in American society in recent years, and men and women today can be seen as having expanded their roles in society, with women entering formerly male dominions and men finding new ways to relate to and function in the family unit.

War Of 1812 essays

War Of 1812 essays In this essay I will be discussing the major events and battles that took place during the War of 1812. The war was a conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain. It started in 1812 and lasted until the spring of 1815. My thesis statement is: The War of 1812 was a war that neither side won. There were four main causes for the war taking place. These were impressment, boundary problems, the Warhawks, and the British supplying the Ohio Country Indians with weapons and supplies. Henry Clay, who was the leader of the Warhawks, convinced Americans that defeating British North America, is only a matter of marching. He knew that Britain wouldnt have any troops to spare because of their involvement in the Soon after the outbreak of the war, the British forces on St. Josephs Island moved toward the American held Mackinac Island and the next morning were in position on the hill above the fort with cannons and muskets aimed down into it. The American commander, Lieutenant Porter Hanks, immediately surrendered. Lieutenant Hanks wasnt even warned by his own government that they declared war. Americans began to worry about the exposed fort of Detroit. The U.S. quickly dispatched Brigadier General William Hull with reinforcements to the fort. In July, General Hull decided to cross the Detroit River into Upper Canada. His militia was poorly equipped, so when Hull learned of an approaching force made up of British troops, Canadian militia, and native Americans, he quickly retreated back to Detroit. General Isaac Brock led the British units. Brock took his army on the offensive and followed Hull back to Detroit. Brocks intentions were to secure the western frontier for the British. In the battle of Detroit he was able to take control over Detroit without firing a single shot. Now the entire northern ...

Baroque and Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Baroque and Architecture - Essay Example Wren’s first baroque design for this cathedral was rejected and considered as not practical and too foreign. The crowning dome was taken from that design and since three centuries the dome of the cathedral has been a major attraction in the city. The dome was designed by Wren not only to express the foreign architecture influence on his work but also to uncover the love he had for mathematics. Wren is known as the best architecture for his designs of buildings. He was also known as a leading mathematician and through his combination, he mastered in the shapes and arches of domes. He applied several theories through which he created historic monuments and recorded history’s best used mathematical sciences in architecture. The St Paul’s cathedral was known as the world’s first cathedral with a triple-dome. It was also the first cathedral which was completed in the lifetime of the architect. Wren had designed the cathedral so originally and furnished it with true British furniture that it was hard to believe how easily he did it. He adopted the characteristics of the baroque architecture which consisted of repeated styles and techniques used in buildings and structures. He was an aesthete and the love for art led him to design beautiful churches. As he was also an engineer, he designed and built structures that were acoustically pleasing. St Paul’s Cathedral marked the beginning of the shaky baroque architecture in England. This architecture was further elaborated in the 18th century.

Identiy a resaon(s) for failures of the Ralph Lauren Rugby and propose Essay

Identiy a resaon(s) for failures of the Ralph Lauren Rugby and propose a marketing strategy for re-launching the brand - Essay Example Other than this, the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby might increase its customer base and loyalty in the market as compared to its rival contenders. Only then, the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby might regain its competitiveness and position in American market. Ralph Lauren Rugby is recognised as one of the popular clothing brand that offers trendy and modern designs of apparels and dresses, as per the style of the citizens of America. Since, 2004, the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby is trying to satisfy the demands and requirements of the Americans with the help of its wide range of Preppy/Rugby designed clothes. Other than this, the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby positions itself as a company with distinctive image by offering a wide range of Preppy/Rugby inspired lifestyle apparel for male and female individual of age groups of 16 to 25. Due to the presence of these fashionable clothes, the net income and total sales increased by a significant extent as compared to many other rival brands. However, in spite of wide range of trendy products, the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby failed to retain its brand value and portfolio in the market. This essay mainly tries to highlight the reasons for the failure of the position of the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby. Along with this, a re-launching marketing strategy for the brand is also proposed so as to enhance its sustainability in the market. In spite of comprising of a legendary position in the segment of fashion industry, the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby failed to retain its image and reputation for a long time. The prime reasons that lead to the decline of the market share and equity of the brand of Ralph Lauren Rugby are presented below: Niche market, which is too narrow: the company of Ralph Lauren Rugby positions itself a premium brand and so its targeted customer range is quite small, i.e. 15-25 years of age as compared to many other successful brands like A&F, Jack Wills and Same Style. Moreover, the style of

What ideas underpinned housing policy between 1945-79 Essay

What ideas underpinned housing policy between 1945-79 - Essay Example By the end of the century, there was massive development of the country from rural to urban society. From the period of 1945, there was substantial overhaul of residential dwellings. This influenced government of UK to look after the price, ownership and quality of residential market. After 1945, the dependence on local authorities has been increased by both conservative and labour government. 5 million households and more are accommodated with the help of social housing. After World War II, the instruments and priorities of housing policy has seen a drastic change. This essay will effectively discuss about various ideas of Housing Policy in UK that underpinned from 1945 to 1979. One billion people are still living in undesirable condition and lack shelter due to poverty. The majority of people who are lacking shelter are from developed countries. This resembles the necessity of effective housing policies to provide adequate shelter. After World War II, the economic condition of United Kingdom was totally shattered. During the year 1945, wartime union government was exhausted after the withdrawal of labour party. This eventually forced in to general election. The attitude of people has seen drastic changes. Government intervention has been increased. The adverse impact of war created a need of house. Massive number of houses has been destroyed through bombing. Under these circumstances, it required a huge overhaul on housing policy in UK. After 1945, the advancement of public housing was due to the commitment of government. Housing policy before 1945 has been stepping stone for the emergence of future housing policies. In 19th century, sanitation policies ha ve been implemented. Social disintegration and increase in rate of widespread disease has been the pivotal factor for the application of sanitation policies. In 20th century, the sanitation polices has been key influence for the occurrence of first housing policies. Since the year 1871, the local

Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan

Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan explains that Pakistan is getting into a steady wave of debt burden. It is the International Monetary Funds in general and United States, Great Britain, Japan etc in particular which Pakistan uses as a main source of taking Debt. IMF alone has given more than 11 Billion US Dollars to Pakistan as debt. The researcher has narrowed down the wide topic into two main variables. First one being the Debt burden and other one explained as Economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Products growth. The researcher argues that there are many reasons that make a country rely on foreign aid and debts. First reason is more of a political reason and the terms and conditions attached to the foreign aid, which in general are beneficial for the country taking it in a shorter term perspective. The other main reason is associated with the composition and the break up of external aid to loans in hard form. With the passage of time, there is a shi ft from providing grants to any Underdeveloped or friendly country to aid, which is further associated with interest payments and principal payback. The world today is facing a paradigm shift in terms of equipping someone with capital, from friendliness to enmity in the form of heavy interest re-payments. It was also concluded that there are many sides of the external debt and the way it interacts to solves the basic economic problems of a country. External aid brings positive as well as negative results in the long term aspects. Foreign aid no matter brings a positive up thrust in the Gross Domestic Product of a country in short term, as it boosts up agriculture, Informational Technology, Education, Health services etc. But in many cases the long run results are much difficult to handle. The major draw back seen of heavy external debt is the Balance of Payment Deficits. This deficit in Balance of Payments is covered by the allocated funds of the Social Sector development. The rese archer also explains about the policy matters which are the most important part in handling the external debt and its servicing. Proper and effective policies are to be made in order to retire the aid taken for better implementation of the policies, which in return will ensure the effectiveness of aid taken by the country and all the problems linked to mis utilization and mis management of the resources taken from external resources. Amakom Uzochukwu S. in his Research paper Nigeria Public Debt and Economic Growth: An Empirical Assessment of Effects on Poverty argues that there should be external debt to be raised by Under developed countries like Nigeria in Africa but there should be a limit attached to every country which should define to what extent the debt is to be raised. This limit is definitely be calculated and research watching all the financial indicators of past and futuristic look on the same indicators should also be given some weight. He also suggest that if proper weight is not given to the financial indicators of the country, it will in the end cause supplementary in-debtness of the International Monetary Funds and other sources of debt to be taken. He explains that the Public debt of Nigeria is slightly more than 75% of the total Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria. This is a very big number in absolute terms and according to the International Monetary Funds and The World Bank, Nigerian Effective debt to export ratio is also more than 200 percent with a total debt accounted for approximately 28.5 Billion US Dollars by 2002. This figure is not alone as it is also associated with the debt retirement of 3.3 Billion US Dollars in 2002 and 5.3 Billion US Dollars in 2003. The situations in Nigerian on financial aspects are much worse. There is immense poverty in the country where Gross Domestic Product growth rate is stagnant over the years, where the intake of debts from IMF and other domestic source has been shooting up randomly. Income per Capita is far-off from the total figures of debt that has been taken by the country. The researcher in his research paper has applied the crash of public debt and growth on poverty using the per capita income approach where he majorly focused on public debt the country is raising and the way it is creating more problems or solutions for alleviating poverty from the country. The end results of the research also showed the impact of loans taken from internal as well as International Monetary Funds on the economic and poverty structure of Nigeria. It was concluded that poverty in Nigeria is growth and debt elastic, as there is enormous poverty spread through out the country and the total accounted figure for debt is around 28 Billion US Dollars. There were multiple factors which were accounted fro in the case of Nigeria including population, domestic and external debt figures, employment rate, school enrolment rates, Balance of Account and terms of trade which are directly linked with the Economic growth of the country. James Njeru in his Research, The impact of foreign aid on public expenditure explains that for many of the Sub Sharan countries, taking economic aid from International Monetary Funds and The World Bank constitutes as an important participation for the sake of running economical as well as political structures of the country. In most of the African countries like Kenya, almost all the financial indicators are not in a good health. They all share relatively same narrow tax base, low on export side and large deficits in Balance of Payment Accounts. Saving of the people is also negligible since poverty head count is much on a higher side. The paper majorly focus on the response of the Kenyas Government in terms of its expenditure when experiencing massive aid cut from IMF and internal malfunctioning of public debts. The research showed that the spending outline of the government gets changed when this is an inflow of economic aid from International Monetary funds of debt is raised from internal resources. On the other hands, it was really difficult for Kenya in short term to deal with the effects of the aid freeze which were much influential in ordinary days supporting fiscal structure of the country. Fiscal measures were not capable sufficient to offset the change and started facing a downfall in no time. It was also concluded that the rise seen in the Kenyan domestic debt was always attributed to the persistent fiscal gap present in the country which caused suspension of the load payment by International Monetary Funds in 1991. This caused real problem for Kenyas economy as to overcome the fiscal deficit, the recipient country in result of getting suspended by loans has to look for many other new options, like raising the normal and corporate tax rate, increase domestic borrowing from the central bank as well as other commercial banks, having a massive cut in development and social development expenditure and printing more money which causes inflation and employ ment in the country. The mentioned problems were a major threat to the Kenyas economy, which it had face in terms of the crowding out effect in investment and added to the domestic debt. The situation got further difficult when Kenyan economy faced major expenditure cuts in governments cutting in social development sector and unemployment after having sky high inflation. Over reliance on external debt, particularly from International Monetary Funds made financial matter more critical for Kenyas economy and the effects of 90s is still faced by it. Michael Atingi-Ego in his report Budget Support, aid dependency and Dutch Disease argues that Ugandas economy is another difficult economy which has been facing sever challenges and threats in successfully running and implementing financial system of the country. It was due to the mere support of many countries on bi lateral and multi lateral country which supported Ugandas economy from crashing many times in history. Presence of International Monetary Funds in Ugandas economny is another problem since the country is not capable of abiding by the rules and regulations put by International Monetary Funds on it. It was until Financial year 1999, Support inflows to Uganda were comparatively small than the newer ones, constituting 200 Million US Dollar on annual basis. It was the help of numerous donors which in terms of grants or debt gave cushion to Ugandas economy many times and helped to decrease its fiscal and monetary deficits. Uganda is another African country where unemployment , low tax base, inflation, less saving by the public and high balance of payment accounts are seen over the time with no proper source of revenue excluding contacting International Monetary Funds for raising external assistance. For the sake of supporting budget deficits till FY 1996, loans from other countries in Uganda does the major source constitute 56%. Grants taken by donor countries also constituted to 73% moderately support the uptrend of Ugandas external debt and financial sustainability of the country. Ugandas government has also put ceiling on taking aid which can be taken in the form of loans and grants. In adding up to the upper limit and the suggested ceiling, it is always to evaluate that both domestic revenues and grants are insufficient to finance the national budget that government has skinny and less loans that are highly concessional. As a multi lateral donor, World Bank has also taking part in Ugandas fiscal deficit financing giving 225 Million US Dollars by 20 01, International Monetary Funds being 53 Million US Dollars. The research shows that Uganda is heavily laid on the mercy of budget support which is on an average more than 50 percent of its total expenditure. These measures have created inflationary and unemployment in the country which the country is trying to control on, but the over all situation is so much aid dependent, exchange rate and interest rates are out of the reach of Government to control them and bring positive financial changes in the country. Bazoumana Ouattara in his Research paper Foreign Aid, Public Savings Displacement, and Aid Dependency in Cote dIvoire explains that the economic effectiveness in any developing country is an important issue which is dependent upon the policies which are formulated in terms of raising aid from any of the external sources present in the world in the time of financial deficit. Right now, the donor countries and agencies are also inclined to issue loans to such countries which have effective and efficient economical structure, which has the muscle to return back the loan well in time with healthy interest payments. Governments workings and efforts in increasing the tax base and consuming on a lower side explains the good financial environment in any country. Public savings are another factor which has not been addressed directly which is another important concern when looking on the over all financial deficits and issuing external debt. In countries having huge public saving gaps, it i s much important to look as on the issues such are over dependency on external aid from International Monetary Funds and The World Bank, which are the most important factors if the relationship is to be gauged between taking aid and the economic growth of the country. If the public saving gap is reduced, the dependence for external debt even on the internal sources of debt will be minimum in order to finance the fiscal deficits in ant country. This brings macro economic stability and a self sustainable growth with long term dependence on external sources of Financing as International Monetary Funds. In the case of CÃ ´te dIvoire during the period of 1975 to 1999, it was observed that the wide gap of domestic saving caused another wide gap in monetary gaps in the country which are to be addressed immediately by contacting International Monetary Funds and other sources of International and Domestic sources of funding the gap. It was also concluded that aid dependence of CÃ ´te dIvo ire increased with an increase in Financial Program aids into the financial system, where as Technical Assistance grants and Food Aid Programs helped to reduce the aid dependence. Nevertheless, CÃ ´te dIvoire faced massive challenges and is still facing many financial threats which it has to face in terms of heavy interest payments as well as other imposing clauses made by the donors. Bazoumana Ouattara in his Research paper Disaggregating the Aid and Growth Relationship explains that foreign aid and debt there is a mystery which has not been solved by any Under developed country regarding its usage and encouraging economic growth in the country. Many of the researches by Papaneck any many other concluded the relationship between aid dependence on external source and growth to be open to doubts and questionable. But the recent researches by Burnside and Dollar claims that external aid is a way which can bring fiscal and monetary muscle in the economy and also helps to promote the trade policies of the country. Again the researcher argues that there are numerous bodies which are present through out the world giving loans and debts to less developed countries where they get into their trap when they have to take further money to pay back the previous one. So, there should be some policy which should elaborate some financial indicators which explains the solid financ ial policy atmosphere. In the research, it was concluded that the aid incomings into the countries which are already facing financial problems in their structure so get a positive response by the financial structure and it sponsors growth and financial augmentation but there are many other factors which are to be accounted for in order to create a healthy balance in taking loans and dealing with financial or fiscal deficits with in the country. Role of International Monetary Funds, according to the researcher, is the most important yet crucial one to discuss. They sanction aid to the less developed countries which have to stand for the monetary rules and regulations framed by IMP consultants. As a matter of fact, a country asks for monetary help since the internal situation on financial side is facing a serious ailment. Due to the new policies being compelled to that country, it always bring about further confusion and disorders in terms of inflation, unemployment, heavy debt piles , low tax generation, and most of the time its comes with massive political instability in the country, which further worsen the over all financial conditions of deficit edge. The research was mainly focused on the policy making which should be drafted with a lot of care and having a revolutionary thinking in order to eliminate the dependence of borrowed resource, interest payments with plod of principal payments and a lot of harass for the next generations of any particular country. Pakistans Economic Crisis and the IMF Bailout Package explains the significance of the International Monetary Fund that has already approved a bailout package of $7.6 Billion in order to help Pakistan avert from getting a default on its repute as far as the external debt is in question. Various meetings have been conducted in which IMF put is condationalities and imposments inorder to make a mechanism to get back the sum of many it lends to the country. Immediate pacts were agreed in providing an immediate $3.1 Billion sum to reinforce the countrys speedy weakening foreign exchange treasury. The ultimate goal of the arrangements to in ensure socio-economic firmness and re-establish investor assurance in Pakistan by looking keenly on the macro-economic unevenness and problems in the country. At the same time it also sends a message to the outer world that Pakistan has lost much in the war on terror and needs money in order to gain its original status of early 2000s. The country needed around $20 billion in order to prevent itself falling in the default list of Balance of Payment. Initially Pakistan was always reluctant to ask for help from the IMF due to their tough conditions on the subsidies and developmental expenditures but it was the last resort as Plan A and B did not work form the multilateral institutions and friendly countries. Going to the IMF was the need in time as there is a huge and persistent Balance of Payment and secondly, there is tax-to-GDP ratio sticking below 1o percent which is more than 17% in many of the developing countries. Furthermore there are sky high capital budget followed by public debt remaining as high as 55 percent of GDP. The arrangements made by The international Monetary funds if turns into a successful venture, it will help Pakistan in general to gather the goals and objectives in the field of fiscal and monetary deficit to some degree, mainly the phasing out of financial backing to the poor people from the government in th e form of subsidies and developmental budget. All this will help the Finance ministry to increase the revenue base of the government as reforms in tax administration will be there which will be causing 1% increment in the GST from fifteen to sixteen percent implemented in the FY2009 budget) will assist lift tax-to-GDP ratio. In the medium-term, the government will have to go for numerous steps such as eliminating exclusion in GST and the income tax and imposing Agriculture tax. A Comprehensive U.S. Policy to Pakistan states the mismanagement of Pakistans case by the Americans authority in monetary terms. It explains the current economic misery being faced by Pakistan due to its involvement in the War on Terror and other problems like political instability and terrorism. It explains that USA has put millions of Dollars in to Afghanistan and Iraq but Pakistan is the ally and much more important to the American objectives in Asia. Americas assistance to Pakistan is not up to the mark and there is growing anger of the people of Pakistan in the current democratic government and The US. Even the massive Kerry-Lugar bill was rejected by the people of Pakistan on the same grounds. There come the IMF, where Pakistan could go to. The irony of the situation is in the presence of USA, Pakistan still has to goto the IMF where it is always clear that there will be more problems coming up in the country due to the hard rules and regulations imposed by IMF. Thus there is a n immediate need that should be showed by USA in consultation with International Financial Institutions and other donors which should also take their part in providing Pakistan with significant balance of payments and budgetary support designed to prevent financial collapse and to alleviate the immediate humanitarian effects of high food and energy prices. Funds obtained from The International Monetary Funds are catered in the budgetary financing and is to be included in the respective fiscal year. On the other hand, Total Public Debt (TPD) includes domestic debt payable in Pak Rupee as well as the short, medium and long term Public Debt portion of External Debt Liabilities (expressed in Rupee term). Internal debt of Pakistan is also not showing a good picture. It is increasing day-by-day. Total Public Debt (TPD) showed a growth of 12.2 percent during the first nine months of the current fiscal year and reached Rs. 8,160 billion at the end of March 2010. Pakistans government takes again internal and external debts to service back the public deb. As far as the internal debt is concerned, government do have some grip on it but the moment the external debt comes in it, government loses its grip on the grip. In spite of the risks of extreme dependence on domestic debt, it is significant in nature to observe that government debts through l ocal aspects is fundamental in motivating investment and personal savings, as well as intensification of native financial markets, since it provides deepness and liquidity; the important aspect to run the business. The outstanding amount of IMF debt now stands at $ 7.2 billion where it was just $ 5.1 billion at the end of FY09, which shows an increment of 40 percent. Moreover, the IMF authorities have agreed to make it $11 Billion. Out of this unpaid sum; approximately US$ 1100 M is kept for the use of budgetary deficit, where the remaining should be used on the negative Balance of payment. The latest installment of approximately US$ 1.13 Billion was received on May 19, 2010.

Identifying and Solving Bulimia Essay -- Health, Eating Disorders

â€Å"In Fiji, before television came about in 1995, the island had no reported cases of eating disorders. Within three years of obtaining American and British television programming, more than two-thirds of the Fijian girls developed eating disorders and three quarters of the girls felt fat† (Hall 1-2). Now, eating disorders are becoming more and more common as the years go by. Bulimia has been around for thirty years and people are still not very familiar with the harm it can do physically and emotionally. Bulimia nervosa can destroy not only a person's life but others around them, and it can be stopped with support and counseling. â€Å"Eating disorders in America are common. One or two out of 100 students will struggle with one† (â€Å"Eating Disorders† 1). A person is affected physically, mentally, and emotionally by bulimia. The signs of bulimia can be mistaken for the signs of other disorders or can be easily dismissed as something minor. Physically, bulimia causes extreme exhaustion and weakness. The person will have frequent sore throats and bloodshot eyes due to their blood vessels popping from the excessive throwing up. They will also vomit blood and experience constipation  regularly. Indigestion and bloating are common occurrences. The bulimic person will have swollen glands in their neck and face. The person will also have clear looking teeth and calluses or scrapes on their knuckles due to their extreme methods of vomiting. In addition to the physical signs a bulimic person has, it may be hard to tell if they are bulimic or not because a bulimic person can be thin, overweight, or at a normal weight. Along with the physical signs are the mental signs. Bulimics are obsessive thinkers about food. They have a pattern of becoming ... ...Health care professionals want everyone to know that it may take time for the Prozac to go into effect. â€Å"To be effective in treating bulimia, Prozac may need six weeks before seeing any improvement† (â€Å"Prozac†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1-2).  Bulimia is a serious eating disorder that needs to be dealt with. It affects not only the bulimic, but their friends and family. There are so many solutions to this problem but they go unnoticed because people chose to ignore bulimia and the seriousness of its effects. We need to spread the word. We need to make people aware of the things they chose to ignore. We need to make these resources more accessible and easy to find. Do not be scared or embarrassed to reach out to a friend or family member. They want to help in any way they can. No one wants to sit back and watch a loved one suffer, especially if there is something they can do about it.